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Table 1 Alterations of Ion Channels in Various Brain Regions Associated with Depression

From: Altered synaptic homeostasis: a key factor in the pathophysiology of depression

Channel Types

Research Subjects

Brain region

Change

References

Kir4.1

MDD patients

Parietal cortex

Increase

[49]

KCNJ10(Kir4.1)

MDD patients

Hippocampus

Decrease

[47]

SCN1A(NaV1.1)

MDD patients

PFC

Decrease

[48]

TRPM2

MDD patients

Hippocampus

Increase

[50]

KV2.1

CMS rats

FC

Increase

[52]

KCNB1(KV2.1)

aLH mice

LHb

Increase

[51]

KV3.1

CMS rats

Hippocampus

Decrease

[52]

KV4.2

CMS rats

FC and hippocampus

Decrease

[52]

KV4.2

CSDS mice

LHA GABAergic neuron

Decrease

[53]

KV4.2

CUMS mice

NAc medium spiny neurons

Function Degradation

[55]

KV7.4

CSDS mice

VTA dopaminergic neurons

Decrease

[54]

KCNJ9(Kir3.3)

WKY rats

MHb

Increase

[59]

KCNJ5(Kir3.4)

WKY rats

LHb

Increase

[59]

Kir4.1

cLH rats and LPS rats

LHb

Increase

[57]

Kir4.1

LPS treated mice

Hippocampus

Increase

[58]

Kir6.1

CUMS mice

Hippocampus

Increase

[61]

Kir6.1

CUMS mice

mPFC

No change

[61]

Kir6.1

CMS mice

Hippocampus

Increase

[60]

Kir6.2

CMS mice

Hippocampus

Increase

[60]

SK3

CSI mice

DRN

Increase

[76]

TREK1

CMS rats

FC

Increase

[52]

TREK1

CUMS mice

Hippocampus

Increase

[64]

TREK1

LPS rats

Hippocampus

Increase

[65]

CaV1.2

CRS rats

Hippocampus

Increase

[67]

CaV1.2

CUMS mice

PFC

Increase

[68]

CaV1.2

CUMS mice

Dorsal hippocampus

No change

[68]

CaV1.2

CUMS mice

Ventral hippocampus

No change

[68]

CaV1.2

CUMS mice

Amygdala

No change

[68]

HCN1

CUS rats

Dorsal CA1

Increase

[77]

HCN2

SNI mice

LHb

Increase

[78]

HCN2

CMS mice

VTA

Decrease

[71]

HCN2

SDS mice

NAc Shell Cholinergic interneurons

Decrease

[72]

TRPV2

CUMS rats

Hippocampus

Decrease

[74]

TRPV4

LPS mice

Hippocampus

Increase

[75]

TRPM2

CUS mice

Hippocampus

Increase

[50]

  1. Kir: inwardly rectifying potassium channel; NaV: voltage-gated sodium channel; KV: voltage-gated potassium channel; SK3:small conductance calcium-activated channel 3; TREK: TWIK-related potassium channel; CaV: calcium voltage-gated channel; HCN: hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel; TRPV: transient receptor potential vanilloid;TRPM2 transient receptor potential melastatin 2; CMS: chronic mild stress; aLH: acute learned helplessness; CSDS: chronic social defeat stress; CUMS: chronic unpredictable mild stress; WKY: Wistar Kyoto; cLH: congenitally learned helpless; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; CSI: chronic social Isolation; CRS: chronic restraint stress; CUS: chronic unpredictable stress; SDS: social defeat stress; SNI: spared nerve injury; FC: frontal cortex; PFC: prefrontal cortex; LHb: lateral habenula; LHA:lateral hypothalamic area; NAc: nucleus accumbens; VTA ventral tegmental area; MHb: medial habenula; mPFC: medial prefrontal cortex; DRN: dorsal raphe nucleus