Fig. 3

The influential role of TOPBP1, ATR, ATM, and DDR pathways in the inhibitory effect of olaparib on pancreatic cell proliferation. A Heat map of the differential TOPBP1, ATR, and ATM gene expression in four groups based on BRCA1 mutation status and PARP sensitivity: NOBRinse (BRCA1 non-mutation and PARP insensitivity), BRinse (BRCA1 mutation and PARP insensitivity), NOBRse (BRCA1 non-mutation and PARP sensitivity), and BRse (BRCA1 mutation and PARP sensitivity). B Volcano plots illustrating the increased expression of TOPBP1 and ATR in comparison to the BRCA1 non-mutation and PARP-sensitivity groups, as well as the BRCA1 non-mutation and PARP-insensitivity groups. C Determination of PDAC cell line sensitivity to olaparib using the CCK8 assay. D Heatmap showing differences in signaling pathway enrichment alterations induced by olaparib among BXPC3 and Patu8988 cells treated with olaparib based on Gene Ontology (GO) Biological Processes (BP). E Heatmap showing differential gene expression in BXPC3 and Patu8988 cells under olaparib treatment. F Differential changes in TOPBP1 and other DDR genes analyzed by western blot and ImageJ in PDAC cell lines treated with olaparib and expressing different levels of TOPBP1