Fig. 1
From: The ABCs of Stargardt disease: the latest advances in precision medicine

The conversion of light to 11-cis-retinal and its subsequent transformation to all-trans-retinal involves the ABCA4 protein. Points of intervention are indicated where inhibitors of key enzymes, deuterated vitamin A, and RBP4 antagonists can reduce the formation of toxic A2E. Abbreviations: ABCA4, retina-specific ABC transporter; all-trans-RDH, all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase; LRAT, lecithin-retinol acyltransferase; 11-cis-RDH, 11-cis-retinol-dehydrogenase.