Endothelial progenitor cell-derived extracellular vesicles: the world of potential prospects for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases

Table 1 Surface markers, media and identification methods for different sources of EPCs

Origins	Surface Markers (Positive)	Surface markers (negative)	Culture medium	Identification methods	References
Bone marrow (early EPCs)	CD14 CD31 CD45	CD34 CD133	EGM-2MV	Flow cytometry immunofluorescence staining	[14, 15]
Bone marrow (ECFCs)	CD31 CD34 CD133 CD146 VEGFR2 VE-Cadherin	CD45 CD14 CD11b	EGM-2MV	Flow cytometry immunofluorescence staining	[16, 17]
Cord blood	CD31 CD105 CD146 CD141 CD144 VEGFR2 vWF	CD14 CD45	EGM-2MV	Flow cytometry immunofluorescence staining	[18]
Peripheral blood	CD31 CD34 CD133 VE-Cadherin VEGFR-2	CD14 CD45	EGM-2MV	Flow cytometry immunofluorescence staining	[20]
Fatty tissue	CD133 vWF VEGFR-2	CD14 CD45	EGM-2MV	Flow cytometry immunofluorescence staining	[20]
Tissue resident (heart, liver, lungs, peripheral vasculature, etc.)	CD31 CD117 CD105 CD157 VE-Cadherin	CD14 CD45 CD140a CD140b CD326	EGM-2MV	Flow cytometry immunofluorescence staining	[21]
Car4⁺ tissue-reident EPCs	Car4 VEGF-A CD105	CD14 CD45	EGM-2MV	Flow cytometry immunofluorescence staining	[22]

(CD cluster differentiation, ECFCs endothelial colony forming cells, VEGFR2 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, VE-Cadherin vascular endothelial cadherin, vWF von willebrand factor, ICAM-2 intercellular adhesion mlecule 2, Car4 carbonic anhydrase 4)

ISSN: 2045-3701