Fig. 1

The metabolites of Asc regulate reprogramming differentially. A Schematic illustration of the time course of reprogramming with AscPNa, DHAA, DKG, THR, ERY, or OXA. B Reprogramming efficiency was assessed by monitoring the number of Oct4-GFP⁺ colonies generated in response to 160 μM AscPNa, DHAA, DKG, THR, ERY, and OXA treatment during reprogramming. C–D Protein C and mRNA D levels of pluripotency markers were determined in iPSC colonies generated with DHAA or DKG treatment. E–F The effects of 160 μM AscPNa and DKG on cell amounts E and the correlation between the number of Oct4-GFP⁺ colonies and cell cycle divisions F during reprogramming. G–H Different concentrations of AscPNa, DHAA, DKG, THR, ERY, and OXA were used during reprogramming, and the number of Oct4-GFP⁺ colonies was assessed on Day 14 with AscPNa and DHAA G and on Day 20 with DKG, THR, ERY, and OXA H. I–J The impact of different concentrations of AscPNa, DHAA, DKG, and OXA on cell proliferation I and apoptosis induction J in MEFs. All experiments were conducted at least five times (n ≥ 5). Statistical significance is indicated as follows: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, and *** P < 0.001 compared to the control group or between the indicated groups. Error bars represent standard deviation. Additional statistical information is provided in Additional file 4: Table S3. For related information, see also Additional file 1: Figure S1