Table 2 The therapeutic effects for different MSC-EV type

hBM-MSCs

EVs

Osteoarthritis

/

Promoting extracorporeal cartilage regeneration

[26]

hBM-MSCs

EVs

Tendon injury

Topical administration

Promoting tendon healing

[30]

hBM-MSCs

EVs

Kidney injury

Intravenous injection

Repairing kidney damage

[31, 32]

hBM-MSCs

EVs

Graft-versus-host disease

Systemic infusion

Suppressing inflammation

[35]

hBM-MSCs

Exosomes

Liver fibrosis

Intraperitoneal injection

Reducing hepatic fibrosis

[41]

hBM-MSCs

Exosomes

Autism spectrum disorder

Nasal administration

Improving autistic behavior

[42]

mBM-MSCs

EVs

Hepatic failure

Intravenous injection

Tissue regeneration

[37]

mBM-MSCs

EVs

Alzheimer’s Disease

Intracerebral Injection

Reducing a beta plaque

[38]

mBM-MSCs

Exosomes

Heart attacks

Intramyocardial injection

Inducing macrophage polarization

[45]

mBM-MSCs

Exosomes

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Intraperitoneal injection

Regulating microglia polarization

[46]

huc-MSCs

EVs

Hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury

Intraperitoneal injection

Protecting the liver cell apoptosis

[58]

huc-MSCs

EVs

Peripheral nerve injury

Intravenous injection

Promoting nerve regeneration

[59]

huc-MSCs

EVs

Senile osteoporosis

Intravenous injection

Ameliorating bone loss

[60]

huc-MSCs

EVs

Intrauterine adhesions

Intravenous injection

Ameliorating induced intrauterine adhesions

[61]

WJMSCs

EVs microvesicles

kidney injury

Intravenous injection

Suppressing oxidation alleviating the apoptosis of renal cells

[63]

[64]

WJMSC

EVs

Perinatal brain injury

Intraperitoneal injection

Suppressing inflammation

[67]

huc-MSCs

Exosomes

Liver injury

/

Promoting angiogenesis and reducing apoptosis

[72,73,74]

huC-MSC

Exosomes

Perinatal diseases and neonates

Intranasal administration

Protecting neuron cell

[76]

huC-MSC

Exosomes

Preterm newborn infants

/

Increasing capability to cope with anoxic environment

[77]

huC-MSC

Exosomes

Primary ovarian insufficiency (poi)

/

Preventing and treating chemotherapy-induced ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis

[78]

hAD-MSCs

EVs

Osteoarthritis experimental allergic asthma

/

Regulating inflammation

[84, 85, 87]

mAD-MSCs

EVs

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Intravenous injection

Reducing neuroinflammation

[88]

AD-MSCs

Exosomes

Atopic dermatitis

Intravenous injection or subcutaneously injection

Regulating inflammation and modulating the polarization of macrophage

[91]

AD-MSCs

Exosomes

Wound healing

Systemic administration

Reducing scar formation

[93, 94]

ES-MSCs

EVs

Liver fibrosis

Intraperitoneal injection

Ameliorating rat liver fibrosis

[103]

ES-MSCs

Exosomes

Osteoarthritis

Intra-articular injections

Promoting chondrocyte proliferation

[107, 108]